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Boron is a metalloid/non-metal, so forms covalent bonds with non-metals to make a molecule. (a) Erin Brockovich found that Cr(IV), used by PG&E, had contaminated the Hinckley, California, water supply. This rule is often ignored because diatomic covalent compounds made of one type of element are so common: dihydrogen (H 2) is just called hydrogen; dichlorine (Cl 2) is just called chlorine. This represents the formula SnF2, which is more properly named tin(II) fluoride. ���7 ; word/_rels/document.xml.rels �(� ���N�0��&��] Examples include SF6, sulfur hexafluoride, and N2O4, dinitrogen tetroxide. Learning to talk about chemistry can be like learning a foreign language, but Hank is here to help with some straightforward and simple rules to help you learn to speak Chemistrian like a native. Write chemical formulas for all possible ionic com- pounds involving these ions, using the simplest ratio(s) of iron (Fe) and sulfur (S). We can use this observation to help us write the formula of an ionic … Covalent molecules use prefixes in their naming system to indicate the number of atoms of each element is contained in the molecule. Caution: SALTS OF HEAVY METALS SUCH AS LEAD, BARIUM, AND NICKEL ARE TOXIC AND CAN BE ADSORBED THROUGH THE SKIN. Examples are shown in Table 2. 11. Name these compounds: The following ionic compounds are found in common household products. Name the following ionic compounds, which contain a metal that can have more than one ionic charge: The anions in these compounds have a fixed negative charge (S2−, Se2−, N3−, and [latex]{\text{SO}}_{4}{}^{2-}[/latex]), and the compounds must be neutral. V�~� V [Content_Types].xml �(� �UMO�0�#�"_Q��a�BM9����� י�ލ?���;q�� There are some exceptions to the general naming method (e.g., H2SO4 is called sulfuric acid, not sulfic acid, and H2SO3 is sulfurous, not sulfous, acid). This module describes an approach that is used to name simple ionic and molecular compounds, such as NaCl, CaCO3, and N2O4. Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\): Nitrogen dioxide \(\left( \ce{NO_2} \right)\) is a reddish-brown toxic gas that is a prominent air pollutant produced by internal combustion engines. Chlorine - Chlorine - Physical and chemical properties: Chlorine is a greenish yellow gas at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. ... Sulfur trioxide. The name of a binary compound containing monatomic ions consists of the name of the cation (the name of the metal) followed by the name of the anion (the name of the nonmetallic element with its ending replaced by the suffix –ide). Binary acids are named using the prefix hydro-, changing the –ide suffix to –ic, and adding “acid;” HCl is hydrochloric acid. Cr(III), an ingredient of many vitamin and nutritional supplements, forms compounds that are not very soluble in water, and it has low toxicity. Ionic compounds that contain water molecules as integral components of their crystals are called hydrates. Several other examples of this nomenclature are shown in Table 7. Most of the transition metals can form two or more cations with different charges. To denote this distinct chemical property, a mixture of water with an acid is given a name derived from the compound’s name. Are the ions monatomic or polyatomic? For example, although NO is often called nitric oxide, its proper name is nitrogen monoxide. ��,�Ř�U� P�-igU�� f6�x��&3����03�ͧ�w�N��8�X �4��M�^�Nj[8��ѐ��d�g�'��%�����]�Z���sW���M����*�چ��| �$�V��5Xv�l���muɂ|���omSײ�S�h. 21. "Oxide" itself is the dianion of oxygen, an O 2– (molecular) ion. The simplest of these are binary compounds, those containing only two elements, but we will also consider how to name ionic compounds containing polyatomic ions, and one specific, very important class of compounds known as acids (subsequent discussion in this text will focus on these compounds in great detail). The other fluoride of tin is SnF4, which was previously called stannic fluoride but is now named tin(IV) fluoride. Thus, CO is named carbon monoxide, and CO2 is called carbon dioxide. You should commit to memory the common names of compounds as you encounter them. If the compound is ionic, does the metal form ions of only one type (fixed charge) or more than one type (variable charge)? ��܀j�!w>���v����޲�-��ΰY��٢y�P�X*0^?��B��O�^�H�x;��U3���$�T㏟w fI�v�hV���{в�! Thus, FeCl2 is iron(II) chloride and FeCl3 is iron(III) chloride. Though this naming convention has been largely abandoned by the scientific community, it remains in use by some segments of industry. Naming binary (two-element) molecular compounds is similar to naming simple ionic compounds. From the answers we derive, we place the compound in an appropriate category and then name it accordingly. An oxide (/ ˈ ɒ k s aɪ d /) is a chemical compound that contains at least one oxygen atom and one other element in its chemical formula. Iron typically exhibits a charge of either 2+ or 3+ (see Molecular and Ionic Compounds), and the two corresponding compound formulas are FeCl2 and FeCl3. Some of these compounds, where they are found, and what they are used for are listed in Table 3. Look at the label or ingredients list on the various products that you use during the next few days, and see if you run into any of those in this table, or find other ionic compounds that you could now name or write as a formula. A 2010 study by the Environmental Working Group found that of 35 US cities tested, 31 had higher levels of Cr(VI) in their tap water than the public health goal of 0.02 parts per billion set by the California Environmental Protection Agency. When sulphur trioxide (SO3), which is present in smoggy air in trace concentrations, reacts with water, sulphuric acid (H2SO4), a very corrosive acid, forms as the only product. The simplest name, “iron chloride,” will, in this case, be ambiguous, as it does not distinguish between these two compounds. The settlement they won in 1996—$333 million—was the largest amount ever awarded for a direct-action lawsuit in the US at that time. The name for an ionic hydrate is derived by adding a term to the name for the anhydrous (meaning “not hydrated”) compound that indicates the number of water molecules associated with each formula unit of the compound. The bonding characteristics of inorganic molecular compounds are different from ionic compounds, and they are named using a different system as well. We will limit our attention here to inorganic compounds, compounds that are composed principally of elements other than carbon, and will follow the nomenclature guidelines proposed by IUPAC. The charge of the metal ion is determined from the formula of the compound and the charge of the anion. (a) manganese(IV) oxide; (b) mercury(I) chloride; (c) iron(III) nitrate; (d) titanium(IV) chloride; (e) copper(II) bromide, binary acid: compound that contains hydrogen and one other element, bonded in a way that imparts acidic properties to the compound (ability to release H+ ions when dissolved in water). Other examples are provided in Table 4. Answers - Molecular, Ionic and Net Ionic Equations 1. 1. (a) cesium chloride; (b) barium oxide; (c) potassium sulfide; (d) beryllium chloride; (e) hydrogen bromide; (f) aluminum fluoride, 3. (a) RbBr; (b) MgSe; (c) Na2O; (d) CaCl2; (e) HF; (f) GaP; (g) AlBr3; (h) (NH4)2SO4, 5. (a) ClO2; (b) N2O4; (c) K3P; (d) Ag2S; (e) AlN; (f) SiO2, 7. (a) chromium(III) oxide; (b) iron(II) chloride; (c) chromium(VI) oxide; (d) titanium(IV) chloride; (e) cobalt(II) oxide; (f) molybdenum(IV) sulfide, 9. (a) K3PO4; (b) CuSO4; (c) CaCl2; (d) TiO2; (e) NH4NO3; (f) NaHSO4, 11. As dramatized in the film Erin Brokovich (for which Julia Roberts won an Oscar), Erin and lawyer Edward Masry sued PG&E for contaminating the water near Hinckley in 1993. Washing soda is the common name for a hydrate of sodium carbonate containing 10 water molecules; the systematic name is sodium carbonate decahydrate. In the environment, chromium exists primarily in either the Cr(III) or Cr(VI) forms. The numbers of atoms of each element are designated by the Greek prefixes shown in above in Table 5. If the compound is molecular, does it contain hydrogen? When only one atom of the first element is present, the prefix mono– is usually deleted from that part. When two nonmetallic elements form a molecular compound, several combination ratios are often possible. You can view the transcript for “How to Speak Chemistrian: Crash Course Chemistry #11” here (opens in new window). However, we will briefly discuss the important compounds known as oxyacids, compounds that contain hydrogen, oxygen, and at least one other element, and are bonded in such a way as to impart acidic properties to the compound (you will learn the details of this later). Out-of-date nomenclature used the suffixes –ic and –ous to designate metals with higher and lower charges, respectively: Iron(III) chloride, FeCl3, was previously called ferric chloride, and iron(II) chloride, FeCl2, was known as ferrous chloride. For example, carbon and oxygen can form the compounds CO and CO2. Thus, ionic compounds are electrically neutral overall, even though they contain positive and negative ions. First, is the compound ionic or molecular? Academia.edu is a platform for academics to share research papers. Exposure to small amounts of Cr(VI) can lead to damage of the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and immune systems, as well as the kidneys, liver, blood, and skin. The chemistry of these compounds is explored in more detail in later, but for now, it will suffice to note that many acids release hydrogen ions, H+, when dissolved in water. Every day you encounter and use a large number of ionic compounds. For example, K2O is called potassium oxide. Molecular compounds can form compounds with different ratios of their elements, so prefixes are used to specify the numbers of atoms of each element in a molecule of the compound. No prefixes are used when naming ionic compounds. Some other examples are shown in Table 6. Binary molecular compounds contain two different elements that are covalently bonded 15. Acids are an important class of compounds containing hydrogen and having special nomenclature rules. Oxyacids are named by changing the ending of the anion to –ic, and adding “acid;” H2CO3 is carbonic acid. Chromium compounds are widely used in industry, such as for chrome plating, in dye-making, as preservatives, and to prevent corrosion in cooling tower water, as occurred near Hinckley. The charges of cations and anions dictate their ratios in ionic compounds, so specifying the names of the ions provides sufficient information to determine chemical formulas. To name this correctly, “hydrogen” is omitted; the –ate of carbonate is replace with –ic; and acid is added—so its name is carbonic acid. The name of the metal is written first, followed by the name of the nonmetal with its ending changed to –ide. The name of the more metallic element (the one farther to the left and/or bottom of the periodic table) is first, followed by the name of the more nonmetallic element (the one farther to the right and/or top) with its ending changed to the suffix –ide. ionic molecular ionic molecular ionic molecular ionic ionic ionic molecular. .M/$ � _rels/.rels �(� ��MK1���!̽;�*"��^D�Md�C2�A7$Sm��A]�[=&����ì7;�7�i�eQ�b��\W�k������;��� 6�����G��)�CH*��TA/���R*|`�_Z-I>��u������;�I�ښ Names and Formulas of Ionic Compounds 63 Names and Formulas of Binary Covalent Compounds 68 An Introduction to Naming Organic Compounds 69 Molecular Masses from Chemical Formulas 70 Tools of the Laboratory: MASS SPECTROMETRY 52 A Modern Reassessment of the Atomic Theory 53 Because these compounds consist solely of nonmetals, we use prefixes to designate the number of atoms of each element: Compounds Containing a Metal Ion with a Variable Charge, transcript for “How to Speak Chemistrian: Crash Course Chemistry #11” here (opens in new window), added to “iodized” salt for thyroid health, baking soda; used in cooking (and as antacid), anti-caking agent; used in powdered products, Derive names for common types of inorganic compounds using a systematic approach, The word “hydrogen” is changed to the prefix, The other nonmetallic element name is modified by adding the suffix –, The word “acid” is added as a second word. 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